In order to illustrate the constructivist theory as it is compared with other theories of learning, I'd like to stay with a consistent backdrop so that the nuances of each theory may stand out and the contrasts be more easily identified.

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Once again, I will use the example of taekwondo. In this instance, I am thinking of the process of learning a new poomsae, the martial art form which consists of a series of offensive and defensive moves performed alone against an imaginary opponent.

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The skills in the "Zone of Proximal Development" would be similar moves to those learned in previous forms. Closely related blocks, hand techniques, kicks, and stances would have been performed at the previous level. (The movements of the very first poomsae one learns as a white belt in taekwondo are very close to the same simple skills as walking, standing, turning, and punching, that would be quite familiar with little taekwondo experience at all. The skills build from there.) Right now I am working on the fifth level of my first degree black belt. Though the moves are familiar, I do not know exactly where to place my hands and feet and I do not know the order of the moves. I rely on more experienced peers or the master to work with me until I can perform the task on my own.

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My instructors provide the best guidance when they break the steps down into a few steps at a time, check back with me frequently, and step in quickly to avoid frustration. In this way, they scaffold the learning until I feel confident.

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An additional strategy that helps me take an active role in constructing knowledge is to visit a website that has instructional videos and background information on each taekwondo poomsae.